mesh

Submodule to manage polygonal meshes.

Mesh

class vedo.mesh.Mesh(inputobj=None, c=None, alpha=1, computeNormals=False)

Bases: vedo.pointcloud.Points

Build an instance of object Mesh derived from PointCloud.

Finally input can be a list of vertices and their connectivity (faces of the polygonal mesh). For point clouds - e.i. no faces - just substitute the faces list with None.

E.g.: Mesh( [ [[x1,y1,z1],[x2,y2,z2], …], [[0,1,2], [1,2,3], …] ] )

Parameters

• c – color in RGB format, hex, symbol or name

• alpha (float) – opacity value

• wire (bool) – show surface as wireframe

• bc – backface color of internal surface

• texture (str) – jpg file name or surface texture name

• computeNormals (bool) – compute point and cell normals at creation

Hint

A mesh can be built from vertices and their connectivity. See e.g.:

buildmesh.py

addArcLength(mesh, name='ArcLength')

Given a mesh, add the length of the arc intersecting each point of the line.

addCellArea(name='Area')

Add to this mesh a cell data array containing the areas of the polygonal faces

addCellVertexCount(name='VertexCount')

Add to this mesh a cell data array containing the nr of vertices that a polygonal face has.

addConnectivity()

Flag a mesh by connectivity: each disconnected region will receive a different Id. You can access the array of ids through mesh.pointdata["RegionId"].

addCurvatureScalars(method=0)

Add scalars to Mesh that contains the curvature calculated in three different ways.

Parameters

• method (int) – 0-gaussian, 1-mean, 2-max, 3-min curvature.

• lut – optional vtkLookUpTable up table.

Example

from vedo import Torus
Torus().addCurvatureScalars().addScalarBar().show(axes=1)

addElevationScalars(lowPoint=(0, 0, 0), highPoint=(0, 0, 1), vrange=(0, 1))

Add to Mesh a scalar array that contains distance along a specified direction.

Parameters

• lowPoint (list) – one end of the line (small scalar values). Default (0,0,0).

• highPoint (list) – other end of the line (large scalar values). Default (0,0,1).

• vrange (list) – set the range of the scalar. Default is (0, 1).

Example

from vedo import Sphere
s = Sphere().addElevationScalars(lowPoint=(0,0,0), highPoint=(1,1,1))
s.addScalarBar().show(axes=1)

addQuality(measure=6)

Calculate functions of quality for the elements of a triangular mesh. This method adds to the mesh a cell array named “Quality”. See class vtkMeshQuality for explanation.

Parameters

measure (int) –

type of estimator

• EDGE RATIO, 0

• ASPECT RATIO, 1

• RADIUS RATIO, 2

• ASPECT FROBENIUS, 3

• MED ASPECT FROBENIUS, 4

• MAX ASPECT FROBENIUS, 5

• MIN_ANGLE, 6

• COLLAPSE RATIO, 7

• MAX ANGLE, 8

• CONDITION, 9

• SCALED JACOBIAN, 10

• SHEAR, 11

• RELATIVE SIZE SQUARED, 12

• SHAPE, 13

• SHAPE AND SIZE, 14

• DISTORTION, 15

• MAX EDGE RATIO, 16

• SKEW, 17

• TAPER, 18

• VOLUME, 19

• STRETCH, 20

• DIAGONAL, 21

• DIMENSION, 22

• ODDY, 23

• SHEAR AND SIZE, 24

• JACOBIAN, 25

• WARPAGE, 26

• ASPECT GAMMA, 27

• AREA, 28

• ASPECT BETA, 29

meshquality.py

addShadow(x=None, y=None, z=None, c=(0.6, 0.6, 0.6), alpha=1, culling=1)

Generate a shadow out of an Mesh on one of the three Cartesian planes. The output is a new Mesh representing the shadow. This new mesh is accessible through mesh.shadow. By default the shadow mesh is placed on the bottom wall of the bounding box.

Parameters

• x,y,z (float) – identify the plane to cast the shadow to [‘x’, ‘y’ or ‘z’]. The shadow will lay on the orthogonal plane to the specified axis at the specified value of either x, y or z.

• culling (int) – choose between front [1] or backface [-1] culling or None.

shadow.py

airplanes.py

area()

Get/set the surface area of mesh.

Hint

largestregion.py

backColor(bc=None)

Set/get mesh’s backface color.

backFaceCulling(value=True)

Set culling of polygons based on orientation of normal with respect to camera.

bc(backColor=False)

Shortcut for mesh.backColor().

boolean(operation, mesh2)

Volumetric union, intersection and subtraction of surfaces.

Parameters

operation (str) – allowed operations: 'plus', 'intersect', 'minus'.

boolean.py

boundaries(boundaryEdges=True, nonManifoldEdges=False, featureAngle=180, returnPointIds=False, returnCellIds=False)

Return a Mesh that shows the boundary lines of an input mesh.

Parameters

• boundaryEdges (bool) – Turn on/off the extraction of boundary edges.

• nonManifoldEdges (bool) – Turn on/off the extraction of non-manifold edges.

• featureAngle (float) – Specify the min angle btw 2 faces for extracting edges.

• returnPointIds (bool) – return a numpy array of point indices

• returnCellIds (bool) – return a numpy array of cell indices

cap(returnCap=False)

Generate a “cap” on a clipped mesh, or caps sharp edges.

cutAndCap.py

cells()

Alias for faces().

computeNormals(points=True, cells=True, featureAngle=None, consistency=True)

Compute cell and vertex normals for the mesh.

Parameters

• points (bool) – do the computation for the vertices

• cells (bool) – do the computation for the cells

• featureAngle (float) – specify the angle that defines a sharp edge. If the difference in angle across neighboring polygons is greater than this value, the shared edge is considered “sharp” and it is splitted.

• consistency (bool) – turn on/off the enforcement of consistent polygon ordering.

Warning

if featureAngle is set to a float the Mesh can be modified, and it can have a different nr. of vertices from the original.

connectedCells(index, returnIds=False)

Find all cellls connected to an input vertex specified by its index.

connectedVertices(index, returnIds=False)

Find all vertices connected to an input vertex specified by its index.

Parameters

returnIds (bool) – return vertex IDs instead of vertex coordinates.

connVtx.py

crop(top=None, bottom=None, right=None, left=None, front=None, back=None, bounds=None)

Crop an Mesh object.

Parameters

• top (float) – fraction to crop from the top plane (positive z)

• bottom (float) – fraction to crop from the bottom plane (negative z)

• front (float) – fraction to crop from the front plane (positive y)

• back (float) – fraction to crop from the back plane (negative y)

• right (float) – fraction to crop from the right plane (positive x)

• left (float) – fraction to crop from the left plane (negative x)

• bounds (list) – direct list of bounds passed as [x0,x1, y0,y1, z0,z1]

Example

from vedo import Sphere
Sphere().crop(right=0.3, left=0.1).show()

cutWithPointLoop(points, invert=False, on='points', includeBoundary=False)

Cut an Mesh object with a set of points forming a closed loop.

Parameters

• invert (bool) – invert selection (inside-out)

• on (str) – if ‘cells’ will extract the whole cells lying inside (or outside) the point loop

• includeBoundary (bool) – include cells lying exactly on the boundary line. Only relevant on ‘cells’ mode.

decimate(fraction=0.5, N=None, method='quadric', boundaries=False)

Downsample the number of vertices in a mesh to fraction.

Parameters

• fraction (float) – the desired target of reduction.

• N (int) – the desired number of final points (fraction is recalculated based on it).

• method (str) – can be either ‘quadric’ or ‘pro’. In the first case triagulation will look like more regular, irrespective of the mesh origianl curvature. In the second case triangles are more irregular but mesh is more precise on more curved regions.

• boundaries (bool) – (True), in pro mode decide whether to leave boundaries untouched or not.

Note

Setting fraction=0.1 leaves 10% of the original nr of vertices.

skeletonize.py

distanceToMesh(mesh, signed=False, negate=False)

Computes the (signed) distance from one mesh to another.

distance2mesh.py

extractLargestRegion()

Extract the largest connected part of a mesh and discard all the smaller pieces.

Hint

largestregion.py

extrude(zshift=1, rotation=0, dR=0, cap=True, res=1)

Sweep a polygonal data creating a “skirt” from free edges and lines, and lines from vertices. The input dataset is swept around the z-axis to create new polygonal primitives. For example, sweeping a line results in a cylindrical shell, and sweeping a circle creates a torus.

You can control whether the sweep of a 2D object (i.e., polygon or triangle strip) is capped with the generating geometry. Also, you can control the angle of rotation, and whether translation along the z-axis is performed along with the rotation. (Translation is useful for creating “springs”). You also can adjust the radius of the generating geometry using the “dR” keyword.

The skirt is generated by locating certain topological features. Free edges (edges of polygons or triangle strips only used by one polygon or triangle strips) generate surfaces. This is true also of lines or polylines. Vertices generate lines.

This filter can be used to model axisymmetric objects like cylinders, bottles, and wine glasses; or translational/rotational symmetric objects like springs or corkscrews.

Warning

Some polygonal objects have no free edges (e.g., sphere). When swept, this will result in two separate surfaces if capping is on, or no surface if capping is off.

extrude.py

faces()

Get cell polygonal connectivity ids as a python list. The output format is: [[id0 … idn], [id0 … idm], etc].

fillHoles(size=None)

Identifies and fills holes in input mesh. Holes are identified by locating boundary edges, linking them together into loops, and then triangulating the resulting loops.

Parameters

size (float) – approximate limit to the size of the hole that can be filled.

Example: fillholes.py

flat()

Set surface interpolation to Flat.

followCamera(cam=None)

Mesh object will follow camera movements and stay locked to it. Use mesh.followCamera(False) to disable it.

Parameters

cam (vtkCamera) – if None the text will auto-orient itself to the active camera. A vtkCamera object can also be passed.

frontFaceCulling(value=True)

Set culling of polygons based on orientation of normal with respect to camera.

geodesic(start, end)

Dijkstra algorithm to compute the geodesic line. Takes as input a polygonal mesh and performs a single source shortest path calculation.

Parameters

• start (int,list) – start vertex index or close point [x,y,z]

• end (int,list) – end vertex index or close point [x,y,z]

geodesic.py

insidePoints(pts, invert=False, tol=1e-05, returnIds=False)

Return the point cloud that is inside mesh surface.

pca.py

intersectWith(mesh2, tol=1e-06)

Intersect this Mesh with the input surface to return a line.

Hint

surfIntersect.py

intersectWithLine(p0, p1=None, returnIds=False, tol=0)

Return the list of points intersecting the mesh along the segment defined by two points p0 and p1.

Parameters

• returnIds (bool) – return the cell ids instead of point coords

• tol (float) – tolerance/precision of the computation (0 = auto).

Example

from vedo import *
s = Spring()
pts = s.intersectWithLine([0,0,0], [1,0.1,0])
ln = Line([0,0,0], [1,0.1,0], c='blue')
ps = Points(pts, r=10, c='r')
show(s, ln, ps, bg='white')

isClosed()

Return True if mesh is watertight.

isInside(point, tol=0.0001)

Return True if point is inside a polydata closed surface.

isobands(n=10, vmin=None, vmax=None)

Return a new Mesh representing the isobands of the active scalars. This is a new mesh where the scalar is now associated to cell faces and used to colorize the mesh.

Parameters

• n (int) – number of isolines in the range

• vmin (float) – minimum of the range

• vmax (float) – maximum of the range

isolines.py

isolines(n=10, vmin=None, vmax=None)

Return a new Mesh representing the isolines of the active scalars.

Parameters

• n (int) – number of isolines in the range

• vmin (float) – minimum of the range

• vmax (float) – maximum of the range

isolines.py

join(polys=True, reset=False)

Generate triangle strips and/or polylines from input polygons, triangle strips, and lines.

Input polygons are assembled into triangle strips only if they are triangles; other types of polygons are passed through to the output and not stripped. Use mesh.triangulate() to triangulate non-triangular polygons prior to running this filter if you need to strip all the data.

Also note that if triangle strips or polylines are present in the input they are passed through and not joined nor extended. If you wish to strip these use mesh.triangulate() to fragment the input into triangles and lines prior to applying join().

Parameters

• polys (bool) – polygonal segments will be joined if they are contiguous

• reset (bool) – reset points ordering

Warning

If triangle strips or polylines exist in the input data they will be passed through to the output data. This filter will only construct triangle strips if triangle polygons are available; and will only construct polylines if lines are available.

Example

from vedo import *
c1 = Cylinder(pos=(0,0,0), r=2, height=3, axis=(1,.0,0), alpha=.1).triangulate()
c2 = Cylinder(pos=(0,0,2), r=1, height=2, axis=(0,.3,1), alpha=.1).triangulate()
intersect = c1.intersectWith(c2).join(reset=True)
spline = Spline(intersect).c('blue').lw(5)
show(c1, c2, spline, intersect.labels('id'), axes=1)

lc(lineColor=None)

Set/get color of mesh edges. Same as lineColor().

lineColor(lc=None)

Set/get color of mesh edges. Same as lc().

lineWidth(lw=None)

Set/get width of mesh edges. Same as lw().

lines(flat=False)

Get lines connectivity ids as a numpy array. Default format is [[id0,id1], [id3,id4], …]

Parameters

flat (bool) – 1D numpy array as [2, 10,20, 3, 10,11,12, 2, 70,80, …]

lw(lineWidth=None)

Set/get width of mesh edges. Same as lineWidth().

phong()

Set surface interpolation to Phong.

renderLinesAsTubes(value=True)

reverse(cells=True, normals=False)

Reverse the order of polygonal cells and/or reverse the direction of point and cell normals. Two flags are used to control these operations:

• cells=True reverses the order of the indices in the cell connectivity list.

• normals=True reverses the normals by multiplying the normal vector by -1

  (both point and cell normals, if present).

shrink(fraction=0.85)

Shrink the triangle polydata in the representation of the input mesh.

Example

from vedo import *
pot = load(dataurl+'teapot.vtk').shrink(0.75)
s = Sphere(r=0.2).pos(0,0,-0.5)
show(pot, s)

shrink.py

silhouette(direction=None, borderEdges=True, featureAngle=False)

Return a new line Mesh which corresponds to the outer silhouette of the input as seen along a specified direction, this can also be a vtkCamera object.

Parameters

• direction (list) – viewpoint direction vector. If None this is guessed by looking at the minimum of the sides of the bounding box.

• borderEdges (bool) – enable or disable generation of border edges

• featureAngle (float) – minimal angle for sharp edges detection. If set to False the functionality is disabled.

silhouette.py

smooth(niter=15, passBand=0.1, edgeAngle=15, featureAngle=60, boundary=False)

Adjust mesh point positions using the Windowed Sinc function interpolation kernel.

Parameters

• niter (int) – number of iterations.

• passBand (float) – set the passband value for the windowed sinc filter.

• edgeAngle (float) – edge angle to control smoothing along edges (either interior or boundary).

• featureAngle (float) – specifies the feature angle for sharp edge identification.

mesh_smoother1.py

smoothLaplacian(niter=15, relaxfact=0.1, edgeAngle=15, featureAngle=60, boundary=False)

splitByConnectivity(maxdepth=1000)

Split a mesh by connectivity and order the pieces by increasing area.

Parameters

maxdepth (int) – only consider this number of mesh parts.

:param bool addRegions

splitmesh.py

stretch(q1, q2)

Stretch mesh between points q1 and q2. Mesh is not affected.

aspring.py

Note

for Mesh objects like helices, Line, cylinders, cones etc., two attributes mesh.base, and mesh.top are already defined.

subdivide(N=1, method=0, mel=None)

Increase the number of vertices of a surface mesh.

Parameters

• N (int) – number of subdivisions.

• method (int) – Loop(0), Linear(1), Adaptive(2), Butterfly(3)

• mel (float) – Maximum Edge Length for Adaptive method only.

texture(tname='', tcoords=None, interpolate=True, repeat=True, edgeClamp=False, scale=None, ushift=None, vshift=None, seamThreshold=None)

Assign a texture to mesh from image file or predefined texture tname. If tname is set to None texture is disabled. If tname is set to ‘’ then a png or jpg file is looked for with same name and path. Input tname can also be an array of shape (n,m,3).

Parameters

• interpolate (bool) – turn on/off linear interpolation of the texture map when rendering.

• repeat (bool) – repeat of the texture when tcoords extend beyond the [0,1] range.

• edgeClamp (bool) – turn on/off the clamping of the texture map when the texture coords extend beyond the [0,1] range. Only used when repeat is False, and edge clamping is supported by the graphics card.

• scale (bool) – scale the texture image by this factor

• ushift (bool) – shift u-coordinates of texture by this amaount

• vshift (bool) – shift v-coordinates of texture by this amaount

• seamThreshold (float) – try to seal seams in texture by collapsing triangles (test values around 1.0, lower values = stronger collapse)

triangulate(verts=True, lines=True)

Converts mesh polygons into triangles.

If the input mesh is only made of 2D lines (no faces) the output will be a triangulation that fills the internal area. The contours may be concave, and may even contain holes, i.e. a contour may contain an internal contour winding in the opposite direction to indicate that it is a hole.

Parameters

• verts (bool) – if True, break input vertex cells into individual vertex cells (one point per cell). If False, the input vertex cells will be ignored.

• lines (bool) – if True, break input polylines into line segments. If False, input lines will be ignored and the output will have no lines.

volume()

Get/set the volume occupied by mesh.

wireframe(value=True)

Set mesh’s representation as wireframe or solid surface. Same as mesh.wireframe().

merge

vedo.mesh.merge(*meshs, flag=False)

Build a new mesh formed by the fusion of the input polygonal Meshes (or Points).

Similar to Assembly, but in this case the input objects become a single mesh entity.

To keep track of the original identities of the input mesh you can set flag. In this case a point array of IDs is added to the merged output mesh.

Hint

warp1.py value-iteration.py